In the last analysis, all that physical training does if it is not building muscle or stamina is beating certain pathways in your nervous system that mean you can move as elegantly and precisely as desired, be it in golf, gymnastics or figure skating. This goes for all sports, soccer requires as much precision in hitting a ball in the right place with adequate force (not too hard, not too little), to score a goal as any other discipline.

And the more often you practise these movements yourself, the more accomplished you become. The more you watch others, be it your coach, your team-mates or your competitors, the better the state-of-the-art typical motion will be picked up by your brain and wired into your system.

When you follow training statistics over the years then one can see clearly that training periods became longer and longer, and in most cases you'll find, the earlier (as a child) an athlete began to train, the more time he or she devoted to training during their lifetime the better their chance to become a champion, if their coach was any good.

However, there is only so much time you can devote to your training before you overexert yourself and any further second invested will become counterproductive. Most world class athletes are working out near that threshold. And if they're hurt and have to suspend physical training it is often near catastrophic.

As we've seen, in the last analysis there are these two sides to training: the physical stimulation of muscle and building stamina and the preparation of neural pathways. The latter does not have to be done by physical exercise alone! As studies have shown (and many a past athlete knew instinctively), just mentally rehearsing an exercise will build these pathways just as well. And what's more: if it is a potentially dangerous move you need to learn (and even with the "right" golf swing you can damage a cartilage or strain a muscle!), you can practice dry runs that way, before you ever make that move for the first time. The most fascinating result of some studies though was that this kind of training even built muscle as if you had physically exercised. The gain was only about half the gain of real physical exercise which is why we still recommend the real workout if you want to get ahead in your sport, but it was significant. And if you want to burn fat, certainly lying on your couch and watching a mental training video won't help you much.

But imagine you were ill and not allowed to exercise or if you were mortified or just feeling apprehensive about a new move that you need to master in your sport but are afraid to practise - then mental training is the exact remedy!

How to train mentally

You need to mentally repeat and emulate the exact moves you are meant to practise. If the exact movement or exercise is already in your mind, you have vivid pictures of what you need to do, then just repeat it in your mind over and over - you will just become better and better at what you seem to already be good at. However, if you want to learn from the masters in the field, you need to watch them practise repeatedly until their movements become your own. That's best done by watching videos. That said, you need to

• Make sure you can tell if the person you are using as your guide is performing correctly - you don't want to learn any substandard moves. Mental training allows you to train alongside the best in class!
• Identify the most complicated and crucial moves and look at these repeatedly (loop over that part of the video over and over again). Since all your moves are subconscious, you do not always have to look at them consciously and with a fixed gaze! Rather, just let a certain movement play again and again while you're doing the washing-up, reading, doing some repairs or so. It would be enough if you looked at it from the corner of your eye! Your eyes have kind of peripheral vision, as you can check: look straight ahead, then move your fingers outwards and sideways until they begin to disappear. If your eyesight is not impaired you will find that your eyes can spot your fingers at an angle of more than 180 degrees!

• Play the videos in full and the special scenes repeatedly as long as you like, and when you can't, e.g. if you ride a bus or whenever you find idle time that you cannot use any better, then mentally rehearse these scenes, now picturing yourself in them, as if YOU were the one who did those moves.

Keep a log or diary of certain measures that pertain to your particular sport that describe your progress (e.g. height jumped, time run etc.) in the discipline you practise and compare your results over time. When you feel that you have done enough in one field, try and get hold of a typical video of another crucial set of movements and do the same. Every few weeks or months, review the old material as well, and if you can get someone to film you doing these movements from preferably the very same angles that your former role models were shown from, then you can even compare how you figure (try to get a second opinion as well if you trust someone enough to let them in on your little, perfectly legal, secret!).